The Bay of Pigs Invasion, a political move widely viewed as a textbook case of failed decision-making, has helped psychologists study major organizations.

What causes groupthink? One major factor is the tendency people have in meetings to rush toward consensus, just so the meeting can end earlier.

Groupthink is what happens when team members stop thinking independently, don’t speak up, and race toward consensus. But leaders can still avoid it.

Whether someone speaks up at work or keeps quiet often comes down to their sense of social threat or reward, which leaders play a crucial role in creating.